×

Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Principe

S’applique aux acides et bases minéraux (MP).
Quelques exemples de substances d’intérêt pharmaceutique : acide citrique, Li2CO3 , aspirine …

  • Réaction de neutralisation : équivalent à équivalent
  • l’équivalent: masse d’acide cédant 1 ion gramme de H^+ (1mole d’ion hydrogène). ou la quantité de base captant 1 H^+
  • Réaction : AH + B \leftrightarrow BH^+ + A^-

Courbe pH = f(vol. réactif) a une allure log.
Point équivalent = point d’inflexion
pH point équivalent. dépend du sel BH^+A^- formé
pH0 dépend de la concentration de l’échantillon.
pHf (après le point équivalent) dépend de l’excès de réactif

Saut de pH important. (solutions concentrées)
Pente de la courbe élevée avec des antagonistes forts

Réactifs et solutions titrées

Solutions étalons (standards)

Étalon primaire

préparé par pesée exacte

Conditions:

  • Solution stable
  • Composition définie
  • Pureté > 99,9% (MT 10-5)
  • Masse molaire (Mr) élevée (précision); pesée exacte (balance de précision)
  • Pas de dégradation à la température de séchage.

Étalon secondaire

La solution ne constitue pas un étalon primaire : (difficile à peser, Hydroscopie …).

On prépare une solution par pesée et on effectue une Réaction de dosage pour déterminer le titre exact après sa préparation.
Si la solution est stable et se conserve, elle correspond à un étalon secondaire

Dosage des solutions acides

Sont dosés des :

  • Acides forts
  • Acides faibles
  • Sels d’acide fort et de bases faible

Solutions titrées = solution aqueuse de Base forte

Risque d’altération par CO2 de l’air (carbonatation)

  • Si solution carbonatée; éliminer les carbonates ( CO32- )
  • Si préparation; éliminer CO2dans l’eau distillée par ébullition

Hydroxyde de Na: NaOH; Mr = 40,01 = équivalent.

  • Titre réel peut être diminué (carbonatation) lors de sa préparation ou sa conservation;
  • être sur qu’il ne s’agit pas d’une soude carbonatée: \begin{align}2NaOH + CO_2 \rightleftharpoons Na_2CO_3 + H_2O\end{align}
  • Na2CO3 précipite en solution concentrée d’où la préparation de solution de titre > 44g/50ml (volontaire) qui entraîne la précipitation de Na2CO3
  • Filtrer; Compléter à 1 litre (eau bouillie).

Remarque:

  • Difficultés de conservation: d’où préparer des solutions concentrées, qui ne sont diluées qu’au moment de leur utilisation.
  • La sol concentrée se décarbonate d’elle-même par précipitation de Na2CO3 in situ.
  • NaOH ne constitue pas un étalon 1aire
  • Conserver à l’abri de l’air : (garde de chaux)
  • Flaconnage: éviter les rodages d’où bouchon à vis

Étalons pour les bases

Les solutions alcalines sont titrées contre des étalons acides

  • Acide benzoïque : C_6H_5COOH l’équivalent = M =122,12 g
  • Acide succinique: (CH_2COOH)_2 l’équivalent = M/2 = 59,09 g
  • Phtalate acide de K(monohydrgénophtalate de K): l’équivalent = Mr =204,22 g

Dosage des bases

concerne toutes molécules capables d’accepter le H+ : Base Forte, Base faible et sel de Base Forte et Acide faible.

Solutions titrées (acides Forts)

H2SO4 : l’équivalent = Mr/2 = 49,05; commerce 36N, d=1,835

  • Vol (à prélever pour 1litre H_2SO_4 N = (m/d) = 27,7 ml ou (1000/36) \approx 28 ml
  • Compléter avec H_2O à 1l, agitation
  • homogénéiser car densité élevée (fiole) tenir compte pureté

NB: Risque d’explosion?

Étalonnage des acides

étalonnés contre des étalons basiques
(sel d’Acide faible et Base Forte)

Carbonate neutre de Na: Na2CO3 anhydre
l’équivalent = M/2 = 53,00 g
CO_3^{2-} en présence de H_3O^+ H_2CO_3 + eau

H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons CO_2 + H_2O

\begin{align} 1l de Na_2CO_3 N &\leftrightarrow 53g/l \leftrightarrow 1équivalent. \\ 53g &\leftrightarrow 1000ml \leftrightarrow 1000méq \\ 0,53g &\leftrightarrow 10ml (TB) \leftrightarrow 10méq \end{align}

Il faut peser 530 mg exact (dosage directe 1 fois)
ou 5,3g (fiole de 100 ml) \leftrightarrow 100 milliéquivalent
(4 à 5 fois PE 10 ml)

Applications À PMA

Appréciation du point équivalent:

  • Indicateur de pH; zone virage (pK_{ind} \pm 1) ; formes acide et base de couleurs différentes; Choix de l’indicateur en fonction du pH au point équivalent.
  • Détection potentiométrique (optique, spectro …)

Quand ? :

  • Milieu réactionnel coloré
  • Plusieurs points équivalents
  • Pas d’indicateur approprié

Dosage des Acides Forts : H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4 …0,1N

ex: mélange (HCl, H3PO4) / NaOH (t); Volume réactif ?

  • À pH 4,7: V1 NaOH neutralise HCl et la 1ère acidité de H3PO4, Indicateur: Hélianthine: pH < 3,1 (Rouge), pH > 4,4 (Jaune)\begin{align}HCl  +  OH^-&\rightleftharpoons Cl^- + H_2O\\H_3PO_4 + OH^- &\rightleftharpoons H_2PO_4^- + H_2O \end{align}
  • À pH 9,8: V2 NaOH neutralise la 2ème acidité de H3PO4, Indicateur: Phénophtaléine: pH<8 (incolore), pH>10 (Rouge) \begin{align} H_2PO_4^- + OH^- &\rightleftharpoons HPO_4^{2-} + H_2O  \end{align}

\begin{align} \text{1 litre} OH^-(t )\Longleftrightarrow t éq. H_3O^+\\ H_3PO_4 : 3 \cdot (V_2-V_1).t \text{milli-équivalent dans (PE)} \\ HCl : [V_1- (V_2-V_1)].t \text{ méq dans (PE)} \end{align}

Remarque :

3ème acidité très faible non dosable car peu de variation de pH au cours du dosage.

Dosage des Acides faibles (borique, tartrique, citrique..)

\begin{align} H_3BO_3 + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_3O^+ + H_2BO_3^- \qquad (pK_a = 9,2) \end{align}

Mr = 61,83; Af, peu dissocié \Rightarrow variation très faible de pH
NB: H3BO3 réagit avec les polyols

Complexe a un caractère monoacide

pKa = 4; équivalent = Mr; Indicateur (Phénophtaléine)

ac_borique-1024x622 Protométrie en solution aqueuse
  • (1) dosage en absence de polyol
  • (2) et (3) dosage en présence de polyol
polyol Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Dosage des sels d’ NH4+ (à l’état de NH3 )

distiller (à ébullition) l’échantillon avec un excès OH (concentré)

\begin{align} NH_4^+ + OH^- (conc.) \rightleftharpoons NH_3 + H_2O \end{align}

1 litre de OH (t) ↔ t M en NH4Cl

↔ t M/2 en (NH4)2SO4

NH4+
OH- (concentré)
NH3
H3O+ excès V1t1
OH- t V2t2

(V_1t_1 - V_2t_2) : nombre d’équivalent. d’ H^+ ayant réagi avec NH_3

\dfrac{(V_1t_1 - V_2t_2)\cdot M\cdot 10^{-3} \text{ g de } (NH_4Cl)}{\text{Prise d'Essai}}

  • Ballon col rodé + chauffe ballon
  • Tube Delattre
  • Tube réfrigérateur (eau de refroidissement)
  • Récupérer NH_3 dans un erlen. contenant H_3O^+ titré
  • Doser l’excès de H_3O^+ / Base titrée

pH des solutions et titrage

Exemple de calcul de pH d’acide fort

\begin{align}
AH + H_2O &\rightarrow A^- + H_3O^+\\
K_i &= [H_3O^+] \cdot [OH^-]\\
[H_3O^+] &= [OH^-] + [A-]\\
[A^-] &= C\\
[H_3O^+] &= \dfrac{K_i}{[H_3O^+]} + [A^-]
\end{align}

Acide pas très dilué : [A^-] >>> [OH^-], [H_3O^+] \rightarrow C , pH = -\log C

Acide très dilué : [H_3O^+]^2 - C . [H_3O^+] - K_i = 0 , HCl 10^{-7}M , pH= 6,8

Exemple de calcul de pH de base forte

\begin{align}  B + H_2O  &\rightarrow BH^+ + OH^- \\  K_i &=   [H_3O^+] \cdot [OH^-]\\  [OH^-] &=   [H_3O^+] + [BH^+]  \end{align}

Base trés diluée :
\begin{align}  K_i &= [H_3O^+] \cdot [OH^-]\\  &= [H_3O^+] \cdot ([H_3O^+] + C)  \end{align}

Base pas très diluée :
\begin{align}  [BH^+] &>>> [H_3O^+]\\  [OH^-] &=  [BH^+] = C  \\  \dfrac{K_i }{[OH^-]} &= [H_3O^+] \\  [H_3O^+]^2 + C \cdot [H_3O^+] - Ki &= 0\\  NaOH\; 10^{-7}M \quad pH7,2 &\Rightarrow  pH = 14 + log C  \end{align}

Tableau récapitulatif : Calcul de pH

\begin{table} \begin{tabular}{|m{4cm}|m{5cm}|m{7cm}|} \hline &Réaction chimique & Calcul de pH \\ \hline Acide faible &AH + H_2O \rightleftharpoons A^- + H_3O^+ & \dfrac{1}{2} pka - \dfrac{1}{2} \log C \\ \hline Base faible & B + H_2O \rightleftharpoons BH^+ + OH^-&7 + \dfrac{1}{2} pka + \dfrac{1}{2} \log C  \\ \hline Polyacide & AH_2 + H_2O \rightleftharpoons AH^- + H_3O^+\par AH^- + H_2O \rightleftharpoons A^{2-} + H_3O^+& \dfrac{1}{2} pka_1 - \dfrac{1}{2} \log C\\ \hline Polybase & & 7 + \dfrac{1}{2} pka_1 + \dfrac{1}{2} \log C\\ \hline mélange d’acides faibles & A_1H + H_2O \rightleftharpoons A_1^- + H_3O^+ A_2H + H_2O \rightleftharpoons A_2^- + H_3O^+& - \dfrac{1}{2} \log (ka_1 \cdot C_1 + ka_2 \cdot C_2) \\ \hline mélange de bases faibles & B_1 + H_2O \rightleftharpoons B_1H^+ + OH^-\par B_2 +H_2O \rightleftharpoons B_2H^+ + OH^- & \dfrac{1}{[{H_3O^+}] = \sqrt{\dfrac{C_1}{k_i \cdot ka_1} + \dfrac{C_2}{k_i \cdot ka_2}} \\ \hline du mélange de deux systèmes acide-bases &Acide_1 \rightleftharpoons base_1 + H^+\par Acide_2 \rightleftharpoons base_2 + H^+ & \dfrac{1}{2} pka_1 + pka_2 + \log(\dfrac{base_1}{acide_1} \cdot \dfrac{base_2}{acide_2}) \\ \hline Ampholyte & AH^- + H_2O \rightleftharpoons A^2- + H_3O^+\par AH^- + H_2O \rightleftharpoons AH^- + H_3O^+ & \dfrac{1}{2} (pka_1 + pka_2)\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{table}

Influence de la dilution

Soit :
\begin{align}  {  \underset{C\cdot (1\alpha)}{AH} + H_2O <=>       \underset{C\cdot \alpha}{A^-}    +  \underset{C\cdot \alpha}{H_3O^+}     }       \end{aligin}

Avec:
\begin{align} ka = \dfrac{(C\cdot \alpha)^2}{ C\cdot(1- \alpha )} \rightarrow \dfrac{k_a}{C} = \dfrac{\alpha^2}{1- \alpha} \end{align}

Pour une ka donnée, si C diminue \Rightarrow (ka / C) \nearrow \Rightarrow \alpha \nearrow

Un acide faible \Rightarrow un acide fort.

\begin{align} \dfrac{ka}{C} < 10^{-1} &\rightarrow \alpha < 27\% : \text{acide faible}\\ 10^{-1} < \dfrac{ka}{C} < 10 &\rightarrow 27\%< \alpha < 91\%: \text{acide moyen}\\ \dfrac{ka }{C} >10 &\rightarrow \alpha > 91\%: \text{acide fort} \end{align}

pH des sels

\begin{align} \text{Base + acide} \rightarrow \text{sel} \end{align}

Par convention  :

  • Un acide fort une base conjuguée de force nulle
  • Un acide faible une base conjuguée de force faible
  • Une base forte un acide conjugué de force nulle
  • Une base faible un acide conjugué de force faible

Sel d’acide fort et de base forte

Exemple:

\begin{align}NaCl +H_2O \rightarrow Na^+_{aq} + Cl^-_{aq}\end{align}

L’acide Na^+{aq} et la base Cl^-{aq} sont de force nulle.
la solution \Rightarrow neutre de pH = 7

Sel d’acide fort et de base faible

BHA + H_2O \rightarrow BH^+{aq} + A^-{aq}

BH+aq acide faible de pka A^-{aq} base de force nulle la solution a le pH de l’acide faible BH^+{aq}

\begin{align}pH &= \dfrac{1}{2} pka - \dfrac{1}{2} \log [BHA]\\ NH_4Cl &\longrightarrow NH_4^+ + Cl^-\\ NH_4^+ + H_2O &\rightleftharpoons NH_3 + H_3O^+, \qquad pka 9,2\\ NH_4Cl &10^{-2} M\qquad \Rightarrow pH = 5,6 \end{align}

Sel d’acide faible et de base forte

\begin{align} BHA + H_2O &\rightarrow BH^+{aq} + A^-{aq}  \end{align}

BH^+{aq}: acide de force nulle A^-{aq} : base de force faible
la solution a le pH de la base faible A^-_{aq}

\begin{align}pH = 7 + \frac{1}{2} pka + \frac{1}{2} \log [BHA]\end{align}

\begin{align}
CH_3COONa& \rightarrow CH_3COO^- + Na^+\\CH_3COO^- + H_2O&\rightleftharpoons CH_3COOH + OH^- \quad
pka = 4,8 \\ [CH_3COONa] &= 10^{-2}M \Rightarrow pH = 8,4
\end{align}

Sel d’acide faible et de base faible

\begin{align}BHA + H_2O &\rightarrow BH^+{aq} + A^-{aq}\\  BH^+{aq} \text{ acide faible }  &    \qquad A^-{aq} \text{ base de force faible}  \end{align}

pH du mélange de deux couples:

  • A^- +H_2O \leftrightarrow AH + OH^- \text{de } Ka_1
  • BH^+ +H_2O \leftrightarrow B + H_3O^+ \text{de } Ka_2

<span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-24-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-615" style="width: 23.994em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 19.355em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.739em, 1019.19em, 3.499em, -1000em); top: -2.369em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-616"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-617" style="padding-right: 0.167em; padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 19.023em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.352em, 1019.02em, 5.112em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 19.023em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.34em, 1019.02em, 5.099em, -1000em); top: -3.969em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-618"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-619"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-620" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-621"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-622"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-623" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">K<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-624"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.958em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000.51em, 4.143em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-625" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">a</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.529em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-626" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-627" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-628" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.222em;">K<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-629"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.958em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em, 1000.51em, 4.143em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-630" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">a</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.529em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-631" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-632" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=[</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-634"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.26em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-635" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.831em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-636" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-637"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.388em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.127em, 1000.74em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-638" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-639" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-640"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.707em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1000.16em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-641" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.278em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-642" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-643" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">×</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-644" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-645"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-646"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.314em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.056em, 1001.81em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -4.698em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.966em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-647"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-648" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-649"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.375em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.115em, 1000.73em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-650" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.345em; left: 0.75em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-651" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-652" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1002.08em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -3.266em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.097em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-653"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-654" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-655" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">AH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-657" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1002.31em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 2.314em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-658" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">×</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-659" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-660"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-661"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.015em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1001.2em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -4.698em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.657em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-662"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-663" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-664" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-665" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1002.78em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -3.266em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.448em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-666"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-667" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-668" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-669"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.58em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-670" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.271em; left: 0.955em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-671" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-672" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.02em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.015em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.369em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.276em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 3.172em;"></span></span></nobr></span><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-24">\begin{align} {Ka_1 \cdot Ka_2 = [H_3O^+]^2 \times \dfrac{[A^-]}{[AH]} \times \dfrac{[B]}{[BH^+]}} \end{align}</script>

On suppose que les réactions d’hydrolyse avec a et b ont la même vitesse

[A^-] \neq [BH^+] et [AH] \neq [B]
D’où Ka_1 \times Ka_2 = [H_3O^+]^2
Donc :
\begin{align} pH = \dfrac{1}{2}(pKa_1 + pKa_2)\end{align}

pH des solutions tampons

Une solution tampon

tampon Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Une solution Tampon est un mélange d’acide faible et sa base conjugué, ou inversement base faible et son acide conjugué.

Équation de HENDERSON

\begin{align} a) \qquad AH    &\rightleftharpoons A- + H+   \text{ de }  ka : \text{dissociation faible}\\ b) \qquad BHA  &\rightarrow A-  +  BH+         \text{dissociation totale}\\ Ka &= \dfrac{[H^+] \cdot[A^-]{[AH]}} \Rightarrow  [H^+]   =  Ka \cdot \dfrac{[AH] }{[A^-]}\\ pH &= pKa + \log \dfrac{[A^-] }{[AH]} \end{align}

Simplifications :
\begin{align}  [A^-]M &= [ A^-]{AH} +  [A^-]{BHA} \\   \text{avec }    [A^-]{AH} &\neq 0  \text{ et  avec }  [A^-]_{BHA}  =  [BHA]_0\\    [AH]_M &=  [AH]_0   \\   pH &= pka + \log \dfrac{[BHA]_0}{[AH]_0}   \end{align}

Exemple : on mélange
\begin{align} (\small{CH_3COOH \;1M},)\;     CH_3COOH  &\rightleftharpoons CH_3COO^- + H^+ \, (\small{pKa=4,8})\\ (\small{CH_3COONa \; 1M}), \;CH_3COONa  &\rightarrow CHCOO^- + Na^+ \\ pH &= pka + \log \dfrac{[CH_3COO^-]}{[CH_3COOH]} \\ pH &= 4,8 + \log \dfrac{1}{1} = 4,8 \\ \text{On ajoute au mélange HCl 0,1M} &\\ [CH_3COO^-] \text{ restante } &= 1- 0,1 = 0,9M\\ [CH_3COOH] \text{ résultante } &= 1 + 0,1 = 1,1M\\ pH &= 4,8 + \log \dfrac{0,9}{1,1} = 4,71\\ \Delta pH  &= 4,8 - 4,71 = 0,09 \end{align}

si on ajoute HCl 0,1M à l’eau distillée le pH = 1 , donc \Delta pH = 7 – 1 = 6

Capacité tampon et pouvoir tampon

Capacité tampon : c’est l’intervalle de pH dans le quel s’exerce l’effet tampon (pH = pka \pm 1)

Pouvoir tampon: t = \dfrac{\Delta Q}{\Delta pH} (Q exprimée en mole).

pouvoir_tampon Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Notion des indicateurs

Détermination colorimétrique

Les indicateurs de pH sont des couples acide-bases
Utilisation ↓ quantité.
Choix de l’indicateur ; zone de virage saut de pH 

indic Protométrie en solution aqueuse
Zone de virage

le pH où variera la couleur. \dfrac{[{In}] }{[{InH^+}]}= 10 \text{ ou } \dfrac{1}{10}
<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-28-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-679" style="width: 26.414em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 21.27em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.752em, 1021.03em, 3.486em, -1000em); top: -2.369em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-680"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-681" style="padding-right: 0.167em; padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 20.959em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.365em, 1020.89em, 5.099em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 20.959em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.365em, 1020.89em, 5.099em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-682"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-683"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-684" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-685"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-686"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-687" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-689" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-690" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;">p</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-691" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">ka</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-693" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+log</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-695"></span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-696" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-697"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-698"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.748em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1002.93em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -4.698em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.524em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-699"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-700" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-701" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-702"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-703"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-704" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">I<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.064em;"></span>n</span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-706" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1004.51em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -3.266em; left: 50%; margin-left: -2.314em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-707"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-708" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-709" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-710"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-711"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-712" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">I<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.064em;"></span>n</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-714"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.58em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-715" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.271em; left: 0.955em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-716" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-717" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1004.75em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 4.748em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-718" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;"> </span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-719" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-720"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-721"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-722" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-724" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-725" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;">p</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-726" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">ka</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-728" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">±1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.369em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.26em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 3.141em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-28">\begin{align} {pH = pka + \log\dfrac{[{In}]}{[{InH^+}]}}\ {pH = pka \pm 1} \end{align}</script>

Pour les indicateurs unicouleurs : pH = pka + \log \dfrac{a}{C-a}

  • a : la concentration à laquelle apparaît la couleur.
  • C : La concentration de l’indicateur.
indic1 Protométrie en solution aqueuse

<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-29-Frame" tabindex="0" style=""><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-730" style=""><span class="noError" id="MathJax-Span-731" style="display: inline-block;">\begin{table}  \begin{tabular}{|p{5.5cm}|c|c|c|p{3cm}|}      \hline       Indicateur  & Forme acide & Forme basique & Zone de virage & Largeur de la zone de virage \\       \hline       Bleu de bromophénol &Jaune & Bleu &3,1 - 4,5  &  2,4 \\      \hline       Hélianthine (ou méthyl-orange)& Rouge &Jaune  &3,2 - 4,4  & 1,2 \\      \hline       Vert de bromocrésol rhodamine& Jaune-rosé & Bleu & 3,8 - 5,4 & 1,6 \\       \hline       Bleu de bromothymol & Jaune & Bleu & 6,0 - 7,6 & 1,6 \\      \hline       Rouge de méthyle& Jaune & Rouge & 4,8 - 6,0 & 1,2 \\      \hline       Phénophtaléine  & Incolore & Rose & 8,2 - 10,0 & 1,8 \\       \hline   \end{tabular}   \caption{Tableau des caractéristiques de quelques indicateurs }  \end{table}</span></span></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-29">\begin{table} \begin{tabular}{|p{5.5cm}|c|c|c|p{3cm}|} \hline Indicateur & Forme acide & Forme basique & Zone de virage & Largeur de la zone de virage \\ \hline Bleu de bromophénol &Jaune & Bleu &3,1 - 4,5 & 2,4 \\ \hline Hélianthine (ou méthyl-orange)& Rouge &Jaune &3,2 - 4,4 & 1,2 \\ \hline Vert de bromocrésol rhodamine& Jaune-rosé & Bleu & 3,8 - 5,4 & 1,6 \\ \hline Bleu de bromothymol & Jaune & Bleu & 6,0 - 7,6 & 1,6 \\ \hline Rouge de méthyle& Jaune & Rouge & 4,8 - 6,0 & 1,2 \\ \hline Phénophtaléine & Incolore & Rose & 8,2 - 10,0 & 1,8 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \caption{Tableau des caractéristiques de quelques indicateurs } \end{table}</script>

Choix des indicateurs colorés

Point équivalent \Rightarrow la zone de virage

Pour un acide fort / base forte ,N’importe quel indicateur. Peut ne pas contenir le point équivalent

ind_col1 Protométrie en solution aqueuse
  • Pour un acide faible / base forte 
ind_col2 Protométrie en solution aqueuse
  • Pour un polyacide / base forte 

un indicateur composé

H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> /NaOH \Rightarrow mélange bleu de bromocrésol + phénophtaléine

ind_col3 Protométrie en solution aqueuse
  • Indicateur Tashiri

Utilisé pour le dosage de NH3 et de ses sels [C]↓

ind_col4 Protométrie en solution aqueuse
  • Indicateur universel 

couleur = f(pH), de Composition:

  • phénophtaléine 
  • rouge de méthyle 
  • phenol-4,4′-(3h-2,1-benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bis-2-bromomethyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-S,S-dioxyde
  • phenol-4,4′-(3h-2,1-benzoxathiol-3-ylidene) bis-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-S,S-dioxyde
  • solvant : eau/méthanol/propan-1-ol

Échelle de teintes

couleur-1024x133 Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Détermination électrométrique du pH

  • procédé électrométrique,
  • Intérêts
phmetre Protométrie en solution aqueuse

pH-mètre et électrodes

phmetre1-1024x260 Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Électrode de référence : à potentiel fixe

  • Calomel : Hg / Hg2Cl2 / KCl
  • Sulfate mercureux : Hg / Hg2SO4 / Na2SO4
  • Chlorure d’argent : Ag / AgCl / KCl

étalonner le système pHmètre-électrode

Neutralisation acide-base (courbes de dosage)

Neutralisation : acide fort / base forte

Étude de l’évolution du pH

\begin{align} AH + H_2O  &\longrightarrow  A^- + H_3O^+             \qquad  C_A V_A \\ B  + H_2O   &\longrightarrow  OH^- + BH^+             \qquad    C_B V_B\\ V_T &= V_A + V_B \end{align}

  • Avant le dosage : pH = - \log [H_3O^+] = -\log C_A
  • Avant le point équivalent : <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-31-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-734" style="width: 25.708em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 20.716em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(-3.142em, 1020.55em, 7.38em, -1000em); top: -2.369em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-735"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-736" style="padding-right: 0.167em; padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 20.373em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(4.923em, 1005.93em, 14.672em, -1000em); top: -10.433em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.052em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.006em, 1005.93em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -8.516em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-737"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-738"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-739" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-740" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-741"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.58em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-742" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.955em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-743" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-744" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-745" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+[</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-747"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.375em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.115em, 1000.73em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-748" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.75em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-749" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-750" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.006em, 1001.81em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -6.585em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-770"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-771"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-772" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-773"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.375em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.115em, 1000.73em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-774" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.75em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-775" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-776" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.006em, 1002.78em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -4.612em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-828"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-829"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-830" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-831" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-832"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.58em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-833" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.955em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-834" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-835" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.887em, 1003.29em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -2.596em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-848"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-849"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-850" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-851"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.26em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-852" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.831em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-853" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-854"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.035em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.127em, 1000.74em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-855" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-856" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-857" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1001.39em, 4.327em, -1000em); top: -0.088em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-893"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-894"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-895" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 10.433em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.729em, 1014.32em, 16.251em, -1000em); top: -11.24em; left: 6.052em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 14.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.006em, 1008.54em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -8.516em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-751"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-752"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-753"></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-754" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=[</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-756"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.26em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-757" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.831em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-758" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-759"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.388em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.127em, 1000.74em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-760" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-761" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-762" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-763" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-765" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-766"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.58em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-767" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.955em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-768" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-769" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.449em, 1014.32em, 4.981em, -1000em); top: -6.585em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-777"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-778"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-779"></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-780" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-781" style="padding-left: 0.278em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-782"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-783"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.725em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1003.23em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.615em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-784"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-785"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-786" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-787" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-788" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-789" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-790" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-791" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-792"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-793"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-794" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-795" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-796" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-797" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-798" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-799" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.73em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.725em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-800" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">et</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-802" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-803" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-804"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.58em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-805" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.955em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-806" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-807" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-808" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-809" style="padding-left: 0.278em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-810"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-811"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.725em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1003.24em, 4.283em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.622em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-812"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-813"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.327em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-814" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-815" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-816" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-817" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-818" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-819" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-820"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-821"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-822" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-823" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-824" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-825" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-826" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-827" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.73em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.725em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.006em, 1005.98em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -4.612em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-836"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-837"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-838"></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-839" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;"><<span style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><<</span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-840" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">[</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-841"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.26em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-842" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.831em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-843" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-844"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.388em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.127em, 1000.74em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-845" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-846" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-847" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.365em, 1010.95em, 4.981em, -1000em); top: -2.596em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-858"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-859"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-860"></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-861" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-862" style="padding-left: 0.278em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-863"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-864"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 9.372em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1009.16em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -4.698em; left: 50%; margin-left: -4.626em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-865"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-866" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-867"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-868" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-869" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-870" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-871" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-872" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-873" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-874" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-875" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">−(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-877"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.327em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-878" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-879" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-880" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-881" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-882" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-883" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-884" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-885"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-886"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-887" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-888" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-889" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-890" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-891" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-892" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1009.37em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 9.372em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.471em, 1012.39em, 5.099em, -1000em); top: -0.088em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-897"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-898"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-899"></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-900" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=log</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-902"></span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-903" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-904"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-905"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 9.372em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-906"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-907"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-908" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-909" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-910" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-911" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-912" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-913" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1009.16em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -3.266em; left: 50%; margin-left: -4.626em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-914"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-915" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-916"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-917" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-918" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-919" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-920" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-921" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-922" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-923" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-924" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">−(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-926"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.327em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-927" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-928" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-929" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-930" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-931" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-932" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-933" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1009.37em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 9.372em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 11.24em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.369em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -6.088em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 12.796em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-31">\begin{align} [OH^-] + [A^-] &= [H_3O^+] + [BH^+] \\ [A^-] &= \dfrac{C_A \cdot V_A}{V_A +V_B} et [BH^+] = \dfrac{C_B \cdot V_B}{V_A + V_B}\\ [OH^-] &<<< [H_3O^+]\\ [H_3O^]+ &= \dfrac{(C_A \cdot V_A)- (C_B \cdot V_B)}{V_A + V_B}\\ pH &= \log \dfrac{V_A + V_B}{(C_A \cdot V_A) - (C_B \cdot V_B)} \end{align}</script>
  • Au point équivalent : En effet <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-32-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-934" style="width: 11.494em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 9.274em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.836em, 1009.27em, 3.368em, -1000em); top: -2.369em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-935"><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-936"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-937"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-938"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.725em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1003.23em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.615em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-939"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-940"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-941" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-942" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-943" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-944" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-945" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-946" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-947"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-948"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-949" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-950" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-951" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-952" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-953" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-954" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.73em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.725em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-955" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-956" style="padding-left: 0.278em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-957"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-958"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.725em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1003.24em, 4.283em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.622em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-959"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-960"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.327em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-961" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-962" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-963" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-964" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-965" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-966" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-967"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-968"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-969" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-970" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-971" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-972" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-973" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-974" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.73em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.725em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.369em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.114em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 2.889em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-32">\dfrac{C_A \cdot V_A}{V_A + V_B}= \dfrac{C_B \cdot V_B}{V_A + V_B}</script> Solution neutre de pH = 7 [OH^-] = [H_3O^+]
  • Après le point équivalent : [B] excès; le milieu devient basique. [H_3O^+] < [OH^-].<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-33-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-975" style="width: 21.978em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 17.692em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(-1.184em, 1017.53em, 5.422em, -1000em); top: -2.369em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-976"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-977" style="padding-right: 0.167em; padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 17.362em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.086em, 1002.78em, 8.397em, -1000em); top: -5.998em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.899em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.006em, 1002.78em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -5.917em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-978"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-979"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-980" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-981" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-982"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.58em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-983" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.955em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-984" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-985" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.137em, 1000.84em, 4.291em, -1000em); top: -3.944em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-1021"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1022"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1023"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.84em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.137em, 1000.5em, 4.144em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1024" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">k</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.521em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1025" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">i</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1001.39em, 4.327em, -1000em); top: -1.928em; right: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-1045"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1046"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1047" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 5.998em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.756em, 1014.46em, 10.361em, -1000em); top: -7.308em; left: 2.899em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 14.463em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.365em, 1010.95em, 4.981em, -1000em); top: -5.917em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-986"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-987"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-988"></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-989" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-990" style="padding-left: 0.278em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-991"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-992"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 9.372em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1009.16em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -4.698em; left: 50%; margin-left: -4.626em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-993"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-994" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-995"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.327em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-996" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-997" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-998" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-999" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1000" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1001" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1002" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1003" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">−(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1005"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1006" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1007" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1008" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1009" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1010" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1011" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1012" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1013"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1014"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1015" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1016" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1017" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1018" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1019" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1020" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1009.37em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 9.372em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.006em, 1008.54em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -3.944em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-1026"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1027"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1028"></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1029" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1031" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1032"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.58em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1033" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.955em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1034" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1035" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1036" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">×[</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1038"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.26em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1039" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.831em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1040" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1041"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.388em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.127em, 1000.74em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1042" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1043" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">+</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1044" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.365em, 1014.46em, 4.981em, -1000em); top: -1.928em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-1049"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1050"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1051"></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1052" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=14</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1054" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+log</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1056"></span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1057" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1058"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1059"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 9.222em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1009.01em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -4.698em; left: 50%; margin-left: -4.551em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1060"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1061" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1062"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.327em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1063" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1064" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1065" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1066"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1067" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1068" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1069" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1070" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">−(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1072"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1073" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1074" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1075" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1076" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1077" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1078" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1079" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1080"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1081"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1082" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1083" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1084" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1085" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1086" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1087" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1009.22em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 9.222em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 7.308em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.369em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -3.66em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 7.94em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-33">\begin{align} [OH^-] &= \dfrac{(C_B \cdot V_B) - (C_A \cdot V_A)}{V_A + V_B}\\ k_i &= [OH^-] \times [H_3O^+]\\ pH &= 14 + \log \dfrac{(C_B x V_B) - (C_A \cdot V_A)}{V_A + V_B} \end{align}</script>. On obtient la courbe suivante :
ind_col5-1024x442 Protométrie en solution aqueuse
Influence de la concentration
X pH(Solution 1M)pH(Solution 0,1M)pH(Solution 0,01M)Précision du dosage
0 012
0,99& 2 &3 & 4 &
0,999 &3 &4 &5 &0,1\% avant
1& 7 & 7 & 7 &
1,001& 11 & 10 & 9 & 0,1\% après
1,01 &12 & 11 & 10&
influence_cc Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Neutralisation : acide faible / base forte

\begin{align} AH + H_2O  &\rightleftharpoons     A^- + H_3O^+  \qquad   C_A ,V_A, Ka\\ B + H_2O &\rightarrow      OH^- + BH^+ \qquad   C_B , V_B \\ V_T &= V_A +  V_B\\ \Rightarrow OH- + [A^-] &= [H_3O^+] + [BH^+] \\ \Rightarrow [AH] + [A^-] &=  C’_A = \dfrac{C_A \cdot V_A}{V_A + V_B} \\ [BH^+] &= C’_B  = \dfrac{C_B \cdot V_B}{V_A + V_B} \end{align}

C’A et C’B sont les nouvelles concentrations dans le mélange.

  • Avant le dosage : pH = \dfrac{1}{2} (pka - \log C_A )
  • Avant le point équivalent : solution tampon pH = pka + \log \dfrac{[A^-]}{[AH]} \begin{align}  [A^-]  &= C^\prime_B  = \dfrac{C_B \cdot V_B }{V_A + V_B}\\  [AH]  &= C^\prime_A -  C^\prime_B = \dfrac{C_A\cdot V_A}{V_A + V_B} - \dfrac{C_B \cdot V_B}{V_A + V_B}\\ pH &= pka + \log \dfrac{C_B \cdot V_B}{ C_A\cdot V_A  -  C_B \cdot V_B}\end{align}
  • Au point équivalent : Tout l’acide est dissocié les ions A^- réagissent avec l’eau: <span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-37-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1094" style="width: 15.829em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 12.752em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.443em, 1012.75em, 2.821em, -1000em); top: -2.419em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1095"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-1096" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1097"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1098"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1099"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.375em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.115em, 1000.73em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1100" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.75em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1101" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1102" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1103" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.26em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1104" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.831em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1105" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1106" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1107" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">→</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1108" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;">A</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1109" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1110" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1111" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.222em;">O</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1112"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.58em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1113" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -4.395em; left: 0.955em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1114" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.419em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.372em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.458em;"></span></span></nobr></span><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-37">{A^- + H_2O \rightarrow AH + OH^-} </script> avec ka le pH A^- : <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-38-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1115" style="width: 17.845em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 14.365em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.887em, 1014.37em, 3.418em, -1000em); top: -2.419em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1116"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1117" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1119" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=7</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1121" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1122" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1123"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1124"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.62em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.43em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1125" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.45em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1126" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1000.62em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 0.62em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1127" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pka</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1130" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1131" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1132"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1133"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.62em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.43em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1134" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.45em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1135" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1000.62em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 0.62em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1136" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">log</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1137"></span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1138" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1139"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1140"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.725em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1003.23em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.615em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1141"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1142"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1143" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1144" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1145" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1146" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1147" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1148" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1149"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1150"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1151" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1152" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1153" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1154" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1155" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1156" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.73em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.725em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.419em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.114em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 2.889em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-38">pH = 7 +\dfrac{1}{2} pka + \dfrac{1}{2} \log \dfrac{C_A \cdot V_A}{V_A + V_B}</script>
  • Après le point équivalent : On a une solution de base forte : <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-39-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1157" style="width: 21.021em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 16.935em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.887em, 1016.94em, 3.418em, -1000em); top: -2.419em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1158"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-1159" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1160"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1161"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1162" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1164" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=14</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1166" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+log</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1168"></span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1169" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1170"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1171"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.725em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1003.24em, 4.283em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.622em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1172"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1173"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.327em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1174" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1175" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1176" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1177" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1178" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1179" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1180"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1181"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1182" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1183" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1184" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1185" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1186" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1187" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.73em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.725em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1188" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">−</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1189" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1190"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1191"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.725em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1003.23em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.615em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1192"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1193"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1194" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1195" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1196" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1197" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1198" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1199" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1200"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1201"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1202" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1203" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1204" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1205" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1206" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1207" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.73em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.725em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.419em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.114em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 2.889em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-39">{pH = 14 + \log \dfrac{C_B \cdot V_B}{V_A + V_B} - \dfrac{C_A \cdot V_A}{V_A + V_B}}</script>
dosage_ac_f-1024x395 Protométrie en solution aqueuse

L’allure de la courbe obtenue :

dosage_ac_f2-1024x417 Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Neutralisation : base faible / acide fort

De la même façon on étudie la courbe de neutralisation d’une base faible par un acide fort

variation_du_ph Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Courbe de neutralisation :

dosage_ac_f3 Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Neutralisation : polyacide / base forte

On considère l’acide AH_2 de concentration CA .

\begin{align} AH_2      &\rightleftharpoons        AH^- + H^+     \qquad  \text{1ère  acidité: de }     ka_1\\ AH^-  &\rightleftharpoons          A^2- + H^+      \qquad    \text{2ème  acidité de }    ka_2 \end{align}

  • Avant le dosage : la solution de AH_2 : pH = \dfrac{1}{2}( pka_1 - \log [AH_2])
  • Avant la première neutralisation : solution tampon \Rightarrow AH_2 et AH^-  : pH = pka_1 + \log \dfrac{[AH^-]}{[AH_2]}
  • Au premier point d’équivalence : solution de AH^-    ampholyte: pH = \dfrac{1}{2}( pka_1 + pka_2)
  • Entre le 1er et le 2ème point équivalent : Solution tampon A^2- et AH^-: pH = pka_2 + \log \dfrac{A^2-}{AH^-}
  • Au 2ème point équivalent : solution de A^2- ; A= (Bf): pH = 7 +\dfrac{1}{2} pka_2+ \dfrac{1}{2} \log \dfrac{C_A\cdot V_A}{V_A + V_B}
  • Après le 2ème point équivalent  : solution de BF : pH = 14 + \log \dfrac{(C_B \cdot V_B) - (C_A \cdot V_A)}{V_A + V_B}

L’allure de la courbe de neutralisation :

neutralisation Protométrie en solution aqueuse

Neutralisation : polybase / acide fort

Exemple :
Na_2CO_3 (de concentration C_B) / HCl

\begin{align} CO3^{2-} + H^+ \rightarrow HCO_3^- \qquad \text{1ère basicité:} \quad pk_{a1} = 10,3\\ HCO_3^- + H^+ \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \qquad \text{2ème basicité:} \quad pk_{a2} = 6,4 \end{align}

  • Avant le dosage : La solution est de CO32-, pH = 7 + \dfrac{1}{2}\cdot pk_{a1} + \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \log [CO_3^{2-}]
  • Avant la 1ère neutralisation : solution tampon: CO_3^{2-} et HCO_3^-, <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-43-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1330" style="width: 15.577em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 12.55em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.607em, 1012.55em, 3.673em, -1000em); top: -2.419em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1331"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-1332" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1333"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1334"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1335" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1337" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1338" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;">p</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1339"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.324em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.137em, 1000.5em, 4.144em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1340" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">k</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.521em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1341"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1342"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1343" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">a</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1344" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1345" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+log</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1347"></span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1348" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1349"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1350"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.712em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.957em, 1002.94em, 4.454em, -1000em); top: -4.769em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.529em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1351"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1352" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1353" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1354"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.742em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.127em, 1000.74em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1355" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.36em, 1000.98em, 4.191em, -1000em); top: -4.384em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1356"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1357"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1358" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2−</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.36em, 1000.43em, 4.149em, -1000em); top: -3.676em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1360" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1361" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.016em, 1003.47em, 4.454em, -1000em); top: -3.201em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.796em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1362"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1363" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1364" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span>C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1366"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.388em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.127em, 1000.74em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1367" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.418em, 1000.63em, 4.191em, -1000em); top: -4.384em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1368" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.36em, 1000.43em, 4.149em, -1000em); top: -3.676em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1369" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1370" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.71em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.712em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.419em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.429em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 3.551em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-43">{pH = pk_{a1} + \log \dfrac{[CO_3^{2-}] }{[HCO_3^-]}}</script>
  • Au 1er point d’équivalence : solution de HCO_3^- (ampholyte), <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-44-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1371" style="width: 13.208em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 10.635em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.926em, 1010.54em, 3.257em, -1000em); top: -2.419em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1372"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-1373" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1374"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1375"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1376" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1378" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1379" style="padding-left: 0.278em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1380"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1381"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.62em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.43em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1382" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.45em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1383" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1000.62em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 0.62em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1384" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1385" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">p</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1386"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.324em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.137em, 1000.5em, 4.144em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1387" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">k</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.521em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1388"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1389"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1390" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">a</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1391" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1392" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1393" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.222em;">p</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1394"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.324em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.137em, 1000.5em, 4.144em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1395" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">k</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.521em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1396"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1397"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1398" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">a</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1399" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1400" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.419em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.913em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 2.64em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-44">{pH = \dfrac{1}{2}( pk_{a1} + pk_{a2})}</script>
  • Entre le 1er et le 2ème point équivalent : solution tampon HCO_3^- et H_2CO_3 : <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-45-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1401" style="width: 15.829em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 12.752em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.666em, 1012.75em, 3.537em, -1000em); top: -2.419em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1402"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-1403" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1404"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1405"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1406" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1408" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1409" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;">p</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1410"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.324em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.137em, 1000.5em, 4.144em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1411" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">k</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.521em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1412"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1413"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1414" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">a</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1415" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1416" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+log</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1418"></span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1419" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1420"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1421"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.887em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.016em, 1003.47em, 4.454em, -1000em); top: -4.769em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.796em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1422"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1423" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1424" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span>C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1426"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.388em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.127em, 1000.74em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1427" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.418em, 1000.63em, 4.191em, -1000em); top: -4.384em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1428" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.36em, 1000.43em, 4.149em, -1000em); top: -3.676em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1429" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1430" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.081em, 1003.65em, 4.383em, -1000em); top: -3.266em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.884em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1431"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1432" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">[</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1433"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.26em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.89em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1434" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">H<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.831em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1435" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1436" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1437"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.192em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.127em, 1000.74em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1438" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">O</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.763em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1439" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1440" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">]</span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.89em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.887em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.419em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.26em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 3.309em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-45">{pH = pk_{a2} + \log \dfrac{[HCO_3^-]}{[H_2CO_3]}} </script>
  • Au 2ème point équivalent : H_2CO_3 (Af), <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-46-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1441" style="width: 20.315em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 16.381em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.887em, 1016.38em, 3.418em, -1000em); top: -2.419em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1442"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-1443" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1444"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1445"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1446" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1448" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1449" style="padding-left: 0.278em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1450"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1451"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.62em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.43em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1452" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.165em, 1000.45em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1453" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1000.62em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 0.62em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1454" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1455" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.222em;">p</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1456"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.324em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.137em, 1000.5em, 4.144em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1457" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">k</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.521em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1458"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1459"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1460" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">a</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-1461" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1462" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">−1</span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1464"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1465"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1466" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">/</span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1466" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1468" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅log</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1470"></span><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-1471" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1472"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-1473"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.725em; height: 0px; margin-right: 0.12em; margin-left: 0.12em;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1003.24em, 4.283em, -1000em); top: -4.658em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.622em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1474"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1475"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.327em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1476" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1477" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1478" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">⋅</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1479" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1480" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1481" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1003.61em, 4.295em, -1000em); top: -3.296em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.803em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1482"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1483"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.188em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1484" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.82em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1485" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1486" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1487" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.195em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.148em, 1000.77em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1488" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">V<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.186em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.832em; left: 0.583em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1489" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(0.844em, 1003.73em, 1.21em, -1000em); top: -1.278em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: 0em; border-top: 1.3px solid; width: 3.725em; height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.058em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.419em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.114em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 2.889em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-46">{pH = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot pk_{a2} - 1/2\cdot \log\dfrac{C_B \cdot V_B}{V_A + V_B}}</script>
  • Après le 2ème point équivalent : acide fort <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="text-align: center;"><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-47-Frame" tabindex="0" style="text-align: center;"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1490" style="width: 13.662em; display: inline-block;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 10.988em; height: 0px; font-size: 124%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1.518em, 1010.89em, 2.912em, -1000em); top: -2.419em; left: 0em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1491"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-1492" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; color: red;"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1493"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1494"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1495" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">pH<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.057em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1497" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1499" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.167em;">log</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1500"></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1501" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1502"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.32em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1503" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.435em, 1000.27em, 4.103em, -1000em); top: -4.296em; left: 0.824em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1504"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1505"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1506" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">′</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.324em, 1000.61em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.64em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1507" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">A</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1508" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-1509" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.327em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.126em, 1000.76em, 4.155em, -1000em); top: -3.982em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1510" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">C<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.045em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.435em, 1000.27em, 4.103em, -1000em); top: -4.296em; left: 0.824em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-1511"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-1512"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1513" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">′</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.348em, 1000.61em, 4.133em, -1000em); top: -3.663em; left: 0.715em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-1514" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">B</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.982em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-1515" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.419em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.486em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 1.479em;"></span></span></nobr></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-47">{pH = - \log (C^{\prime}_A - C^{\prime}_B)}</script>

Quiz

[WpProQuiz 1]

Share this content:

Insert math as
Block
Inline
Additional settings
Formula color
Text color
#333333
Type math using LaTeX
Preview
\({}\)
Nothing to preview
Insert